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Reference · उच्चारण

Pronunciation guide

उच्चारण

Sanskrit terms on this site are written in IAST — the standard Latin transliteration with diacritics. This page gives you a quick legend for every mark that appears, plus an A–Z glossary of terms with a plain-English reading you can play aloud.

Diacritics at a glance

चिह्न
ā

Sanātana sa-NAA-ta-na

Long 'aa' as in father — hold twice as long as a short 'a'.

ī

Gītā GEE-taa

Long 'ee' as in machine.

ū

Sūrya SOOR-ya

Long 'oo' as in food.

Ṛgveda RIG-vay-da

Vocalic r — closer to 'ri' in modern Hindi ('rishi').

pitṝ pi-TRII

Long vocalic r — rare; sustain the 'ri'.

kḷp klip

Vocalic l — very rare; a brief 'li'.

oṃ ohm

Anusvāra — nasalises the vowel; often heard as 'm' or 'n' at word-end.

namaḥ na-ma-ha

Visarga — a soft breath echoing the preceding vowel: 'aḥ' → 'aha'.

ś

Śiva SHI-va

Palatal 'sh' — tongue near the hard palate.

Viṣṇu VISH-noo

Retroflex 'sh' — tongue curled back; sharper than ś.

Rāmāyaṇa raa-MAA-ya-na

Retroflex n — tongue curled back; softer, deeper than plain n.

haṭha HUT-ha

Retroflex t — tongue curled back to the roof of the mouth.

ḍamaru DUM-a-roo

Retroflex d — tongue curled back.

ñ

jñāna gyaa-na

Palatal n — in 'jñ' clusters, commonly pronounced 'gy' in Hindi.

liṅga LING-ga

Guttural n — the 'ng' sound in 'sing'.

c

candra CHUN-dra

Always 'ch' as in church — never a hard 'k'.

ch

chāyā CHHAA-yaa

Aspirated 'ch' — a stronger puff of breath after ch.

A–Z glossary

शब्दकोश

A

  • Abhedaअभेद

    sayuh-BHAY-duh

    Non-difference, absolute oneness, or non-dual integrity.

  • Abhinayaअभिनय

    sayuh-bhee-NUY-yuh

    The expression or communication of emotion in classical arts.

  • Acintyaअचिन्त्य

    sayuh-CHIN-tyuh

    Inconceivable, incomprehensible, or beyond mental computation.

  • Adhiṣṭhānaअधिष्ठान

    sayuh-dhish-THAH-nuh

    The solid architectural substrate foundation, seat, or basis.

  • Adhyātmaअध्यात्म

    sayudh-YAHT-muh

    Relating to the spiritual self or internal consciousness.

  • Ādi Śaṅkarāchāryaआदि शङ्कराचार्य

    sayAH-dee shung-kuh-rah-CHAHR-yuh

    The 8th-century philosopher who consolidated Advaita Vedanta.

  • Ādiśaआदिश

    sayAH-dee-shuh

    The primary instruction, original root source, or directive.

  • Aditiअदिति

    sayuh-DEE-tee

    The infinite, boundless cosmic mother of the Aditya devas.

  • Advaitaअद्वैत

    sayuhd-VYE-tuh

    Non-duality; the philosophy that Atman and Brahman are one.

  • Agamaआगम

    sayAH-guh-muh

    Sectarian text manuals dictating active temple methodology.

  • Agamasआगम

    sayAH-guh-muhz

    The plural collective layout manual system for temple grids.

  • Āgamasआगम

    sayAH-guh-muhz

    Non-Vedic scripture collections dictating ritual and temple practices.

  • Aitareyaऐतरेय

    sayaye-tuh-RAY-yuh

    An ancient branch, Brahmana, and Upanishad of Rigveda.

  • Ajātivādaअजातिवाद

    sayuh-jah-tee-VAH-duh

    The radical doctrine of non-origination taught in Gaudapada.

  • Alvārआलवार

    sayAHL-vahr

    The twelve ancient poet-saints of South India devoted to Vishnu.

  • Āmbhṛṇīआम्भृणी

    sayahm-bhri-NEE

    The female seer (daughter of Sage Ambhrina) of the Vak Sukta.

  • Anandamayaआनन्दमय

    sayah-nun-duh-MUH-yuh

    Full of bliss; the innermost sheath of the soul.

  • Anant Caturdaśīअनन्त चतुर्दशी

    sayuh-nun-tuh chuh-toor-duh-SHEE

    The fourteenth lunar day of Bhadrapada dedicated to worshipping Vishnu on Ananta.

  • Anantaअनन्त

    sayuh-NUN-tuh

    The infinite, endless, or boundless reality; epithet of Vishnu and his serpent.

  • Anantaśayanaअनन्तायन

    sayuh-nun-TAH-yuh-nuh

    The sacred movement or resting cycle connected to the infinite lord.

  • Angkor Watअंगकोर वाट

    sayUNG-kor-waht

    The massive, historic Hindu-Buddhist temple complex in Cambodia.

  • Animateचेतन

    sayCHAY-tun

    Possessing life, consciousness, or organic movement.

  • Antardhyānaअन्तर्ध्यान

    sayun-turd-HYAH-nuh

    Inner meditative absorption or mystical disappearance.

  • Anugrahaअनुग्रह

    sayuh-NOO-gruh-huh

    The divine act of down-pouring grace, favor, or salvation.

  • Apauruṣeyaअपौरुषेय

    sayuh-pow-roo-SHAY-yuh

    Not of human origin; authorless divine revelations.

  • Ardhanārīśvaraअर्धनारीश्वर

    sayurdh-uh-nah-REESH-wuh-ruh

    The composite androgynous manifestation of Shiva and Shakti.

  • Arthaśāstraअर्थशास्त्र

    sayuhr-thuh-SHAHS-truh

    The famous classical treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy.

  • Āryabhaṭīyaआर्यभटीय

    sayahr-yuh-bht-EE-yuh

    The foundational mathematical treatise written by Aryabhata.

  • Asuraअसुर

    sayuh-SOO-ruh

    A class of powerful cosmic beings often in opposition to the benevolent Devas.

  • Atharvavedaअथर्ववेद

    sayuh-thur-vuh-VAY-duh

    The Veda of everyday life, spells, medicine, and philosophy.

  • Atmanआत्मन

    sayAHT-mun

    The innermost immortal soul or true self in living beings.

  • Avata-rasअवतार

    sayuh-vuh-TAH-ruhz

    The earthly descents or incarnations of the divine to restore world order.

  • Avatāravādaअवतारवाद

    sayuh-vuh-tah-ruh-VAH-duh

    The doctrine of divine descent or incarnation of God on Earth.

  • Avyākṛtaअव्याकृत

    sayuhv-YAH-kruh-tuh

    The unconditioned, unevolved, or unmanifest seed state of the cosmos.

  • Avyaktaअव्यक्त

    sayuhv-YUK-tuh

    The unmanifested, subtle, or undifferentiated state of matter or divine reality.

  • Ayodhyāअयोध्या

    sayuh-YOH-dhyah

    The sacred, unassailable city on the Sarayu river, birthland of Lord Rama.

B

  • Bhādrapadaभाद्रपद

    sayBHAH-druh-puh-duh

    An autumn lunar month known for Ganesh Chaturthi and ancestral rituals.

  • Bhagavadgītāभगवद्गीता

    saybhuh-guh-vudh-GEE-tah

    The sacred song of God delivered by Krishna to Arjuna.

  • Bhagavānभगवान्

    saybhuh-guh-VAHN

    The personal Supreme Lord possessed of all grand cosmic majesties.

  • Bhāgavataभागवत

    sayBHAH-guh-vuh-tuh

    A devotee of the Supreme Lord or a text dedicated to the glories of Vishnu and Krishna.

  • Bhūmiभूमि

    sayBHOO-mee

    The sacred earth element or personified earth goddess.

  • Brahmaब्रह्म

    sayBRUH-mah

    The four-faced creator god within the Hindu Trimurti lineage.

  • Brahmāब्रह्मा

    saybra-uh-maa

    The four headed God who is the creator of everything we know

  • Brahmanब्रह्मन्

    sayBRUH-mun

    The ultimate, unchanging, infinite, and absolute reality.

  • Bṛhadāraṇyakaबृहदारण्यक

    saybri-huh-dah-RUN-yuh-kuh

    "Great Forest Upanishad," one of the oldest mystical texts.

  • Brihadaranyakबृहदारण्यक

    saybri-huh-dah-RUN-yuh-kuh

    "Great Forest Upanishad," one of the oldest mystical texts.

  • Buddhismबौद्धधर्म

    sayBOHDH-dhuh-dhur-muh

    The ancient, non-Vedic spiritual tradition founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

C

  • Caturānanaचतुरानन

    saychuh-too-RAH-nuh-nuh

    The four-faced deity; a classic epithet of Lord Brahma.

  • Celukaचेलुक

    saychay-loo-KUH

    A specific garment style or structural band detail noted in classical texts.

  • Chālīsāचालीसा

    saychah-LEE-sah

    A popular devotional prayer consisting of forty rhyming verses.

  • Chandasछन्दस्

    sayCHUN-dus

    The study of poetic meter, one of the six auxiliary Vedangas.

  • Chandogyaछान्दोग्य

    saychahn-DOH-gyuh

    One of the oldest and most vital primary Upanishads belonging to the Sama Veda.

  • Chaturyugaचतुर्युग

    saychuh-toor-YOO-guh

    The collective cycle of four world ages spanning truth down to discord.

  • Cidambaramचिदम्बरम

    saychee-DUM-buh-rum

    The sacred temple site of Shiva as Nataraja in Tamil Nadu.

D

  • Damayantiदमयन्ती

    sayduh-muh-YUN-tee

    The legendary, virtuous princess of the Nishadha kingdom.

  • Darśanasदर्शन

    sayDUR-shuh-nuhz

    Worldviews or the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

  • Daśāvatāraदशावतार

    sayduh-shah-vuh-TAH-ruh

    The ten principal, classic incarnations of Lord Vishnu on Earth.

  • Devakīदेवकी

    sayDAY-vuh-kee

    The divine biological mother of Lord Krishna.

  • Devanāgarīदेवनागरी

    sayday-vuh-NAH-guh-ree

    The elegant alpha-syllabic script used for writing Sanskrit, Hindi, and several other South Asian languages.

  • Deviदेवी

    sayDAY-vee

    The generic, high-utility title for any Hindu goddess or the Divine Mother personified.

  • Dhanurvedaधनुर्वेद

    saydhuh-noor-VAY-duh

    The auxiliary Veda governing archery, warfare, and physical mastery.

  • Dharmaधर्म

    sayDHUR-muh

    The cosmic law, duty, righteousness, and moral order that sustains existence.

  • Dhatriधातृ

    sayDHAH-tree

    The supporter, bearer, cosmic creator, or nurturer deity.

  • Dhrधृ

    saydhree

    To hold, sustain, support, or uphold (root of Dharma).

  • Dhvajastambhaध्वजस्तम्भ

    saydhwuh-juh-STUM-bhuh

    The sacred flagstaff standing at the entrance of a temple.

  • Dhyānaslokaध्यानश्लोक

    saydhyah-nuh-SHLOH-kuh

    A meditative verse describing the visual form of a deity.

  • Dīpadānaदीपदान

    saydeep-uh-DAH-nuh

    The ritual offering of lighted oil lamps to deities or sacred waters.

  • Dīpāvalīदीपावली

    saydeep-AH-vuh-lee

    The festival of rows of lights celebrating the triumph of good.

  • Divyaprabandhaदिव्यप्रबन्ध

    saydiv-yuh-pruh-BUN-dhuh

    The collected four thousand devotional verses of the Alvars.

  • dṛśदृश्

    saydrish

    The verbal root meaning to see, perceive, or visualize.

  • Durgāदुर्गा

    sayDOOR-gah

    The fierce, protective warrior goddess who destroys demonic forces and restores peace.

  • Dvāparaद्वापर

    saydwah-PUH-ruh

    The third of the four cyclic world ages.

  • Dvāraद्वार

    sayDwa-aar-uh

    The door, gate

E

  • Ekādaśīएकादशी

    sayay-KAH-duh-shee

    The eleventh lunar day of every fortnight, strictly observed with fasting.

  • Ekārṇavaएकार्नव

    sayay-KAHR-nuh-vuh

    The single, undifferentiated cosmic ocean during dissolution.

G

  • Ganapatiगणपति

    sayguh-nuh-PUH-tee

    The lord of the celestial hosts; the elephant-headed remover of obstacles.

  • Gaṇapatyaगाणपत्य

    saygah-nuh-PUT-yuh

    The Hindu sect that considers Lord Ganesha as the supreme god.

  • Gāndhārīगांधारी

    saygahn-DHAH-ree

    The virtuous princess of Gandhara, queen consort of Dhritarashtra, who blindfolded herself out of devotion.

  • Gaṇeśaगणेश

    sayguh-NAY-shuh

    The lord of hosts; the elephant-headed remover of obstacles.

  • Gaṅgāगंगा

    sayGUNG-gah

    The holiest personified river of India flowing from Shiva's locks.

  • Garudaगरुड

    sayguh-ROO-duh

    The divine eagle king and celestial mount of Lord Vishnu.

  • Gāyaगय

    sayGUH-yuh

    An ancient royal sage; also related to Gaya, the sacred city for ancestral rites.

  • Gharbhagṛhaगर्भगृह

    saygur-bhuh-GRU-huh

    The innermost womb-chamber sanctuary of a Hindu temple.

  • Gītāगीता

    saygee-TAH

    "The Song"; specifically refers to the sacred Bhagavad Gita.

  • Gopuramगोपुरम्

    sayGOH-poo-rum

    The monumental, ornate gateway tower of South Indian temples.

  • Gorakhnāthaगोरखनाथ

    saygoh-rukh-NAH-thuh

    The historic guru who formalized the Nath Siddha tradition.

  • Guruगुरु

    sayGOO-roo

    The spiritual teacher who dispels darkness and grants illumination.

H

  • Halāyudhaहलायुध

    sayhuh-LAH-yoo-dhuh

    Plow-armed; an epithet of Balarama, Krishna's older brother.

  • Hanumānहनुमान

    sayhuh-noo-MAHN

    The monkey-deity who embodies supreme selfless devotion to Lord Rama.

  • Hariharaहरिहर

    sayhuh-ree-HUH-ruh

    The synchronized, combined iconographic depiction of Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara).

  • Harivamshaहरिवंश

    sayhuh-ree-VUM-shuh

    The crucial epic appendix to the Mahabharata focusing on the life of Krishna.

  • Hayagrīvaहयग्रीव

    sayhuh-yuh-GREE-vuh

    The horse-headed avatar of Lord Vishnu who recovered stolen Vedic scriptures.

  • Hiraṇyagarbhaहिरण्यगर्भ

    sayhee-run-yuh-GUR-bhuh

    The golden womb or egg from which the universe and creation manifested.

  • Homaहोम

    sayHOH-muh

    The sacred Vedic ritual invocation offering oblations to fire.

I

  • Īśvaraईश्वर

    sayEESH-wuh-ruh

    The Personal God, supreme ruler, or cosmic Lord.

  • Itihāsaइतिहास

    sayee-tee-HAH-suhz

    Epic histories ("thus it happened"), specifically Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata.

  • Itihāsasइतिहास

    sayee-tee-HAH-suhz

    The plural collective form for epic historic accounts.

J

  • Jñānaज्ञान

    sayGYAH-nuh

    Transcendental knowledge, wisdom, or absolute awareness.

  • Jyotirliṅgaज्योतिर्लिङ्ग

    sayjyoh-tir-LING-guh

    The radiant, devotional pillar representation of Lord Shiva across twelve holy shrines.

  • Jyotiṣaज्योतिष

    sayJYOH-tee-shuh

    Vedic astronomy and astrology, studied as one of the six auxiliary limbs of the Vedas.

K

  • Kaivalyaकैवल्य

    saykye-VUL-yuh

    Absolute isolation, ultimate independence, or liberation in Yoga.

  • Kalaकला

    saykuh-LAH

    A small segment, art form, mechanical skill, or limitation of power.

  • Kalāकला

    saykuh-LAH

    The limitation of agency or creative action; also a generic term for an art form.

  • Kālaकाल

    sayKAH-luh

    The cosmic constraint of time, sequence, and duration upon the soul.

  • Kāleśvaraकालेश्वर

    saykah-LAY-shwuh-ruh

    The Lord of Time and Destiny; a powerful localized form of Shiva.

  • Kaliकलि

    sayKUH-lee

    The final, current cyclic age of discord, spiritual darkness, and materialism.

  • Kālīकाली

    sayKAH-lee

    The fierce, dark goddess of time, transformation, empowerment, and ultimate destruction.

  • Kali-yugaकलियुग

    sayKUH-lee-yoo-guh

    The current age of spiritual darkness, quarrel, and moral decline.

  • Kālidāsaकालिदास

    saykah-lee-DAH-suh

    The legendary classical Sanskrit poet and playwright famed for works like Shakuntala.

  • Kālikāकालिका

    sayKAH-lee-kah

    The intense dark goddess form related to transformation and time.

  • Kalyāṇaकल्याण

    saykul-YAH-nuh

    Spiritual welfare, prosperity, bliss, or auspiciousness.

  • Kāmaकाम

    sayKAH-muh

    The god of love and desire; also the pursuit of sensual pleasure and emotional fulfillment.

  • Kañchukasकञ्चुक

    sayKUN-choo-kuhz

    The five limiting cloaks or constraints that restrict universal consciousness into an individual soul.

  • Kañcukasकञ्चुक

    sayKUN-choo-kuhz

    The five limiting jackets or constraints that bind pure consciousness.

  • Kaṅkālaकङ्काल

    saykun-KAH-luh

    The skeletal frame or an ascetic form assumed by Lord Shiva.

  • Kāntiकान्ति

    sayKAHN-tee

    Splendor, supreme beauty, or divine effulgence.

  • Kapiñjalaकपिञ्जल

    saykuh-PIN-juh-luh

    A Vedic seer sage or a sacred bird mentioned in lore.

  • Kārtikaकार्तिक

    sayKAHR-tee-kuh

    A sacred lunar month in the Hindu calendar associated with light and major festivals.

  • Kārttikeyaकार्त्तिकेय

    saykahr-tee-KAY-yuh

    The god of war; son of Shiva also known as Murugan or Skanda.

  • Kaśyapaकश्यप

    sayKUSH-yuh-puh

    An ancient Vedic progenitor sage from whom many living beings descended.

  • Kaṭhaकठ

    sayKUH-thuh

    A key school and famous Upanishad discussing death's secrets.

  • Kauṣītakiकौषीतकि

    saykow-SHEE-tuh-kee

    An ancient branch and principal Upanishad of the Rigveda.

  • Kevalaकेवल

    saykay-vuh-LUH

    Pure, isolated, absolute, or uncompounded spiritual liberation.

  • Khaṇdeltaखण्ड

    sayKHUN-duh

    A division, chapter, structural fragment, or section of text.

  • Kṛṣṇaकृष्ण

    saykrish-nuh

    The eighth avatar of Lord Vishnu, central to the Mahabharata and the speaker of the Bhagavad Gita.

  • Kṛtaकृत

    sayKRU-tuh

    The golden age or Satya Yuga, marking the era of supreme righteousness and truth.

  • Kṛttikāकृत्तिका

    sayKRIT-tee-kah

    The Pleiades star cluster; the third Nakshatra.

  • Kūrmaकूर्म

    sayKOOR-muh

    The divine tortoise incarnation of Lord Vishnu who supported the churning of the ocean.

  • Kurukṣetraकुरुक्षेत्र

    saykour-uk-shai-tra-uh

    The site of the great war- The Mahabharat

L

  • Lakulīśaलकुलीश

    sayluh-koo-LEE-shuh

    The prominent 2nd-century ascetic regarded as an avatar of Shiva.

  • Lalitāललिता

    sayluh-lee-TAH

    The playful or beautiful supreme goddess forms in Shaktism.

  • Liṅgodbhavaलिङ्गोद्भव

    sayling-gohdh-BHU-vuh

    The manifestations of Lord Shiva out of the primeval column of cosmic flame.

  • Liṅgodbhavamūrtiलिङ्गोद्भवमूर्ति

    sayling-gohdh-bhuh-vuh-MOOR-tee

    The classic iconographic form of Shiva emerging from a pillar of cosmic fire.

  • Lokaलोक

    sayLOH-kuh

    A realm, plane of existence, or world within Hindu cosmology.

  • Lokamayaलोकमय

    sayloh-kuh-MUH-yuh

    Pervading the manifest world; cosmic or universal in scope.

M

  • Madgalaमुद्गल

    sayMOOD-guh-luh

    An ancient sage or a minor Purana text focusing on Ganesha.

  • Madhvācāryaमध्वाचार्य

    saymudh-vah-CHAHR-yuh

    The 13th-century philosopher who founded Dvaita (dualism).

  • Māghaमाघ

    sayMAH-ghuh

    The auspicious late winter lunar month famed for holy river baths.

  • Mahā Śivarātriमहाशिवरात्रि

    saymuh-HAH shuh-vuh-RAH-tree

    The great annual festival night celebrating the cosmic marriage and grace of Lord Shiva.

  • Mahābhārataमहाभारत

    saymuh-hah-BHAH-ruh-tuh

    The great epic history of India detailing the Kurukshetra war and the Gita.

  • Mahādevaमहादेव

    saymuh-hah-DAY-vuh

    "Great God"; a primary epithet used for Lord Shiva.

  • Mahāpralayaमहाप्रलय

    saymuh-HAH-pruh-luh-yuh

    The great cosmic dissolution at the end of a universe's life cycle.

  • Mahāpurāṇaमहापुराण

    saymuh-hah-poo-RAH-nuh

    The eighteen primary, principal great collections of ancient myth and lore.

  • Mahāpurāṇasमहापुराण

    saymuh-hah-poo-RAH-nuhz

    The eighteen main, primary mythological texts of ancient lore.

  • Mahatमहत्

    saymuh-HUT

    The cosmic intellect or the primary principle of intelligence emerging in creation.

  • Māhātmyaमाहात्म्य

    saymah-HAHT-myuh

    Text detailing the greatness, majesty or merits of a deity/shrine.

  • Mahāvidyāsमहाविद्या

    saymuh-hah-vid-YAHZ

    The group of ten cosmic tantric manifestations of the Goddess.

  • Mahāyugaमहायुग

    saymuh-HAH-yoo-guhz

    Great cosmic ages, each consisting of 4 cyclic Yugas.

  • Mahāyugasमहायुग

    saymuh-HAH-yoo-guhz

    A great world cycle comprised of four successive world yugas.

  • Mālinīमालिनी

    saymah-lee-NEE

    The garlanded goddess form; also a highly prominent tantric text.

  • Mālinīvijayottaraमालिनीविजयोत्तर

    saymah-lee-nee-vee-juh-YOT-tuh-ruh

    A foundational tantric text highly revered in Kashmir Shaiva philosophy.

  • Mānasāraमानसार

    saymah-nuh-SAH-ruh

    A foundational classical architectural treatise detailing structural layouts.

  • Mandukyaमाण्डूक्य

    saymahn-DOO-kyuh

    A concise primary Upanishad discussing the four states of consciousness and the syllable OM.

  • Māṇḍūkyaमाण्डूक्य

    saymahn-DOO-kyuh

    The shortest Upanishad revealing the mystery of OM.

  • Manojavamमनोजवम्

    saymuh-NOH-juh-vum

    Swift as the mind; a classic quality applied to Hanuman.

  • Māntrikaमान्त्रिक

    sayMAHN-tree-kuh

    A practitioner or text tradition dealing heavily in mantras.

  • Manusmṛtiमनुस्मृति

    saymuh-noo-SMRIT-ee

    The traditional legal and ethical framework text attributed to Manu.

  • Mārgaśīrṣaमार्गशीर्ष

    saymahr-guh-SHEER-shuh

    The winter lunar month dedicated heavily to spiritual practice and devotion.

  • Markandeyaमार्कण्डेय

    saymahr-kun-DAY-yuh

    An ancient sage; name of a major Purana containing the Devi Mahatmya.

  • Mārkaṇḍeyaमार्कण्डेय

    saymahr-kun-DAY-yuh

    An ancient sage; name of a major Purana containing the Devi Mahatmya.

  • Mātrāमात्रा

    sayMAH-trah

    A standard unit of measure, verse meter length, or atomic particles.

  • Matsyaमत्स्य

    sayMUT-syuh

    The divine fish incarnation of Lord Vishnu who saved cosmic life from the deluge.

  • Matsyendraमत्स्येन्द्र

    saymut-syayn-DRU-huh

    The historic yogic master who co-founded Hatha Yoga.

  • Māyāमाया

    sayMY-yah

    The cosmic illusion or creative power that projects the manifold universe as real.

  • Mīmāṃsāमीमांसा

    saymee-MAHM-sah

    The orthodox school of reflection exploring Vedic ritual hermeneutics and philosophy.

  • Mukti-dāyinīमुक्तिदायिनी

    saymook-tee-dah-YEE-nee

    She who bestows spiritual liberation or ultimate freedom.

  • Muniमुनि

    sayमोओ-नेइ

    An enlightened sage, ascetic, or silent meditator.

  • Mūrtiमूर्ति

    sayMOOR-tee

    A sacred physical icon, form, manifestation, or image of a deity.

N

  • Nādaनाद

    sayNAH-duh

    Sacred cosmic sound vibration; primordial resonance.

  • Nakṣatrasनक्षत्र

    saynuk-SHUH-truhz

    Lunar mansions or star constellations used in Vedic astrology.

  • Nandikeśvaraनन्दिकेश्वर

    saynun-dee-KAY-shwuh-ruh

    The ancient master or celestial bull guarding Shiva's gates.

  • Nandīśvaraनन्दीश्वर

    saynun-DEESH-wuh-ruh

    The lord of Nandi; another title for Lord Shiva or his mount.

  • Nāradaनारद

    sayNAH-ruh-duh

    The immortal celestial sage who travels realms singing praise.

  • Narahariनरहरि

    saynuh-ruh-HUH-ree

    The man-lion incarnation of Vishnu; also Narasimha.

  • Nārāyaṇaनारायण

    saynah-RAH-yuh-nuh

    Name of Vishnu as the refuge and source of all beings.

  • Nāsadīyaनासदीय

    saynah-suh-DEE-yuh

    The famous Hymn of Creation found in the Rigveda.

  • Naṭarājaनटराज

    saynuh-tuh-RAH-juh

    Lord Shiva represented as the supreme cosmic dancer.

  • Nateśaनटेश

    saynuh-TAY-shuh

    The Lord of Actors or Dancers; a dynamic sculptural representation of Lord Shiva.

  • Natiनति

    saynuh-TEE

    Reverence, bowing down, humility, or modest salute.

  • Niḥśvasitaनिःश्वसित

    saynihsh-wuh-SEE-tuh

    Exhalation or breath; metaphor for Vedas as divine breath.

  • Nirguṇaनिर्गुण

    sayNIR-goo-nuh

    Unconditioned, formless, without qualitative attributes.

  • Niruktaनिरुक्त

    saynee-ROOK-tuh

    The Vedanga branch covering etymology and interpretation of Vedic words.

  • Niyatiनियति

    saynee-YUH-tee

    The restriction of space, destiny, causality, and fixed cosmic order.

  • Nyāyaन्याय

    sayNYAH-yuh

    The orthodox school of logic and analytical reasoning in classical Hindu philosophy.

P

  • Padmanābhaपद्मनाभ

    saypud-muh-NAH-bhuh

    An epithet of Lord Vishnu, meaning 'He who has a lotus emerging from his navel'.

  • Pañca-bhūtaपञ्चभूत

    saypun-chuh-BHOO-tuh

    The five gross physical elements that compile material matter.

  • Pāñcarātraपाञ्चरात्र

    saypahn-chuh-RAH-truh

    Ancient Vaishnava texts outlining temple worship, ritual, and philosophy.

  • Pañcāyatanaपंचायतन

    saypun-chah-YUH-tuh-nuh

    A system of worship centering around five major deities.

  • Pañcharātraपाञ्चरात्र

    saypahn-chuh-RAH-truh

    An ancient esoteric text system detailing Vaishnava temple worship, rituals, and philosophy.

  • Paraपर

    sayPUH-ruh

    Supreme, transcendental, ultimate, or beyond.

  • Paramaśivaपरमशिव

    saypuh-ruh-mah-SHI-vuh

    The unconditioned, absolute supreme reality in Shaivism.

  • Paramāśivaपरमशिव

    saypuh-ruh-mah-SHI-vuh

    The absolute, transcendent supreme reality in Shaiva philosophy.

  • Paramparāपरम्परा

    saypuh-rum-puh-RAH

    The unbroken lineage of teacher-to-disciple succession.

  • Pariṣadपरिषद्

    saypuh-REE-shud

    An assembly, council, or traditional academy of scholars.

  • Pārthivaपार्थिव

    sayPAHR-thee-vuh

    Earthen or terrestrial; commonly used for hand-molded clay Shiva-lingams.

  • Pārvatīपार्वती

    saypahr-vuh-TEE

    The divine mother goddess of power and devotion, consort of Lord Shiva.

  • Pāśupataपाशुपत

    saypah-shoo-PUH-tuh

    One of the oldest, major ascetic schools of Shaivism.

  • Patañjaliपतञ्जलि

    saypuh-TUN-juh-lee

    The celebrated ancient sage who synthesized and compiled the Yoga Sutras.

  • Patraपत्र

    sayPUH-truh

    A leaf, page, or written document used for recording text or offering ritual praise.

  • Paurāṇicपौराणिक

    saypow-RAH-nik

    Pertaining to or derived from the ancient Purana texts.

  • Piṅgalāपिङ्गला

    sayPING-guh-lah

    The solar, right-side subtle energy channel running along the spine.

  • Pracaṇḍaप्रचण्ड

    saypruh-CHUN-duh

    Exceedingly fierce, intense, majestic, or powerful.

  • Pradyumnaप्रद्युम्न

    saypruh-DYOOM-nuh

    The mind emanation of the Vyuha system; son of Krishna.

  • Prahlādaप्रह्लाद

    saypruh-LAH-duh

    The saintly young devotee of Lord Vishnu whose absolute faith triggered the Narasimha avatar.

  • Prajāpatiप्रजापति

    saypra-ja-pati

    King

  • Prakāśaप्रकाश

    sayprak-aash-uh

    Light

  • Prakṛtiप्रकृति

    saypruh-KRU-tee

    Primordial physical matter, nature, or the active energy of the universe.

  • Pralayaप्रलय

    saypruh-LUH-yuh

    Dissolution, destruction, or absorption of the cosmos.

  • Pranaप्राण

    sayPRAH-nuh

    The cosmic vital life-force or breath animating all living systems.

  • Prāṇamayaप्राणमय

    sayprah-nuh-MUH-yuh

    The vital energy breath layer within the individual soul.

  • Prasthānatrayīप्रस्थानत्रयी

    sayprush-thah-nuh-truh-YEE

    The triple canon of Vedanta: Upanishads, Brahma Sutras and Gita.

  • Pratāpaप्रताप

    saypruh-TAH-puh

    Majesty, internal fire, brilliant valor, or dignity.

  • Pratibandhakaप्रतिबन्धक

    saypruh-tee-BUN-dhuh-kuh

    An obstacle, block, or factor that prevents perception.

  • Pratibhāप्रतिभा

    saypruh-tee-BHAH

    Intuitive genius, brilliant spiritual illumination, or insight.

  • Pratyabhijñāप्रत्यभिज्ञा

    saypruh-tyuh-bhee-GYAH

    The philosophy of sudden spiritual recognition or remembrance of one's divine nature.

  • Pūjāपूजा

    sayPOO-jah

    Ritual adoration worship or devotional offerings to a deity.

  • Purāṇaपुराण

    saypoo-RAH-nuhz

    "Of ancient times"; vast texts on cosmology, myths, and history.

  • Purāṇasपुराण

    saypoo-RAH-nuhz

    A vast genre of encyclopedic Indian scriptures containing mythology, cosmology, and genealogies.

  • Purāṇicपौराणिक

    saypau-raa-nik

    From the times of the Puranas

  • Pūrṇimāपूर्णिमा

    saypoo-ur-ni-ma

    Full moon Night

  • Purusaपुरुष

    saypoo-ROO-shuh

    The primordial cosmic person, pure consciousness, or supreme spiritual essence.

R

  • Rāgaराग

    sayRAH-guh

    The limitation of desire, attachment, or passion for specific material things.

  • Rāginīरागिणी

    sayrah-gee-NEE

    A melodic framework or female personification of a musical raga.

  • Rajas Guṇaरजोगुण

    sayruh-joh-GOO-nuh

    The quality of passion, activity, motion, and desire driving worldly creation.

  • Rākṣasaराक्षस

    sayRAHK-shuh-shuh

    A class of powerful titanic beings or nocturnal spirits.

  • Rāmaराम

    sayRAH-muh

    The seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu and the exemplary protagonist of the epic Ramayana.

  • Rāmacandraरामचन्द्र

    sayrah-muh-CHUN-druh

    The radiant moon-like prince avatar of the Raghu clan.

  • Rāmacaritamānasaरामचरितमानस

    sayrah-muh-chuh-rit-uh-MAH-nuh-suh

    The celebrated Awadhi retelling of the Ramayana by Tulsidas.

  • Rāmānujaरामानुज

    sayrah-MAH-noo-juh

    The influential 11th-century theologian who championed Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism).

  • Rāmānujācāryaरामानुजाचार्य

    sayrah-mah-noo-jah-CHAHR-yuh

    The great teacher who founded Vishishtadvaita Vedanta philosophy.

  • Rāmāyaṇaरामायण

    sayrama-yan

    the epic scripture - the story of Lord Rama

  • Rāsaरास

    sayRAH-suh

    The ecstatic, aesthetic flavor of divine sport, notably the round dance of Krishna with the Gopis.

  • Rasalakṣaṇaरसलक्षण

    sayruh-suh-LUK-shuh-nuh

    The architectural or aesthetic definition of emotional essence.

  • Rāvaṇaरावण

    sayRAH-vuh-nuh

    The highly learned yet arrogant ten-headed king of Lanka who abducted Sita.

  • Ṛgvedaऋग्वेद

    sayrig-VAY-duh

    The oldest Veda, consisting of hymns of praise to deities.

  • Rigvedaऋग्वेद

    sayrig-VAY-duh

    The oldest and primary collections of sacred hymns dedicated to cosmic deities.

  • Ṛṣiऋषि

    sayREE-shee

    An ancient seer, sage, or enlightened rishi who directly perceived Vedic truths.

  • Ṛṣisऋषि

    sayREE-sheez

    The plural collective grouping of ancestral seer sages.

  • Rudraरुद्र

    sayROOD-ruh

    Lord Shiva is also called Rudra.

  • Rudramरुद्रम्

    sayROOD-rum

    A powerful Vedic hymn dedicated to Lord Shiva as Rudra.

  • Rudraśirasरुद्रशिरस्

    sayrood-ruh-shuh-RUS

    An esoteric, ancient name or Upanishad related to Shiva.

  • Rūpaरूप

    sayROO-puh

    Form, visible beauty, external shape, or structural image.

S

  • Śabdapalaशब्दपाल

    sayshub-duh-PAH-luh

    The guardian or protector of the cosmic primordial sound.

  • Sadaśivaसदाशिव

    saysuh-DAH-shi-vuh

    The eternal, highest aspect of Shiva who continuously acts out five functions.

  • Sadāśivaसदाशिव

    saysuh-DAH-shi-vuh

    The highest five-fold active blueprint form of Lord Shiva.

  • Sāgaraसागर

    saySAH-guh-ruh

    The vast ocean, sea, or boundary waters within ancient geography.

  • Saguṇaसगुण

    saySUH-goo-nuh

    Manifested reality possessing forms, qualities, and attributes.

  • Sahasranāmaसहस्रनाम

    saysuh-huhs-ruh-NAH-muh

    A sacred hymn listing the one thousand names of a specific deity.

  • Śaivaशैव

    saySHAI-vuh

    Relating to Shiva; a devotee of Lord Shiva.

  • Śaivismशैवमत

    saySHAI-vi-zum

    Major Hindu tradition focused on the worship of Lord Shiva.

  • Śākaṃbharīशाकम्भरी

    sayshah-kum-bhuh-REE

    The nurturing form of the Divine Mother who sustains life by providing nourishing vegetables and herbs.

  • Śāktaशाक्त

    saySHAHK-tuh

    Relating to Shaktism; a devotee who worships the Supreme as the Divine Mother.

  • Śaktiशक्ति

    saySHUK-tee

    The dynamic divine feminine power, energy, and creative force of the universe.

  • Śāktismशक्ति-ज़म्

    saySHAHK-ti-zum

    Tradition focused on worshipping the Goddess (Shakti/Devi).

  • Samādhiसमाधि

    saysuh-MAH-dhee

    Meditative absorption, deep concentration, or spiritual liberation.

  • Sāmanसामन्

    saySAH-mun

    A sacred melody, chant, or verse from the Sama Veda.

  • Samavedaसामवेद

    saysah-muh-VAY-duh

    The Veda of melodies, chants, and sacred songs.

  • Sāmavedaसामवेद

    saysah-muh-VAY-duh

    The Veda of melodies, chants, and sacred songs.

  • Samayaसमय

    saysuh-MUH-yuh

    Time, proper occasion, conventional covenant, or doctrine within a tradition.

  • Samhitaसंहिता

    saysum-hee-TAH

    Structured collections of hymns, prayers, and mantras in individual Vedas.

  • Samhitāसंहिता

    saysum-hee-TAH

    The core foundational text collection inside a specific Veda.

  • Saṃhitāसंहिता

    saysum-hee-TAH

    Structured collections of hymns, prayers, and mantras in individual Vedas.

  • Saṃnyāsaसंन्यास

    saysum-NYAH-suh

    The final stage of formal renunciation and monastic life.

  • Sampradāyaसम्प्रदाय

    saysum-pruh-DAH-yuh

    An established lineage, tradition, or school of spiritual thought.

  • Saṃskārasसंस्कार

    saysum-SKAH-ruhz

    The key sacramental life rituals or deep mental impressions.

  • Samudraसमुद्र

    saysuh-MOO-druh

    The wide collection of ocean waters or cosmic space sea.

  • Sanandanaसनन्दन

    saysuh-NUN-duh-nuh

    One of the pristine four mind-born youth sons of Brahma.

  • Sanat-Kumāraसनत्कुमार

    saysuh-nut-koo-MAH-ruh

    The eternal child sage who instructs paths of liberation.

  • Sanātanaसनातन

    saysuh-NAH-tuh-nuh

    Eternal, timeless, or permanent.

  • Śaniशनि

    saySHUH-nee

    The celestial deity personifying the planet Saturn, delivering karmic justice based on actions.

  • Śaṅkarācāryaशंकराचार्य

    sayshung-kuh-rah-CHAHR-yuh

    The master philosopher who consolidated Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

  • Ṣaṇmataषण्मत

    saySHUN-muh-tuh

    The six-fold system of worship popularized by Adi Shankara.

  • Saptarṣiसप्तर्षि

    saysup-TUR-shee

    The constellation of seven grand primordial rishi seers.

  • Saptarṣisसप्तर्षि

    saysup-TUR-sheez

    The collective grouping of seven timeless master sages.

  • Sarasvatīसरस्वती

    saysuh-rus-vwuh-TEE

    The brilliant goddess of learning, music, and divine speech.

  • Śarvaṇaशर्वण

    sayshur-vuh-NUH

    An epithet of Shiva or place associated with his lineage.

  • Śāstraशास्त्र

    saySHAHS-truh

    A foundational sacred scripture, treatise, or book of authoritative knowledge.

  • Śatarudrīyaशतरुद्रीय

    sayshuh-tuh-rood-REE-yuh

    The sacred Vedic hymn from the Yajur Veda praise-worshipping Rudra in a hundred forms.

  • Sattvaसत्त्व

    saySUT-vwuh

    The quality of purity, light, truth, harmony, and spiritual clarity.

  • Sattvavithiत्त्ववीथि

    saysut-vwuh-VEE-thee

    The explicit platform or avenue of light and purity.

  • Sattvāyanaसत्त्कायन

    saysut-vwah-YUH-nuh

    The path or moving platform of pure goodness and spiritual light.

  • Sayanaसायण

    saySAH-yuh-nuh

    The monumental 14th-century commentator on the Vedas.

  • Śeṣanāgaशेषनाग

    sayshay-shuh-NAH-guh

    The primordial king of serpents who supports the worlds and forms the bed of Vishnu.

  • Siddhāntaसिद्धान्त

    saysidh-DHAHN-tuh

    An established conclusion, definitive textbook doctrine, or absolute truth within a tradition.

  • Śikṣāशिक्षा

    saySHIK-shah

    The auxiliary Vedic science focusing on phonetics, pronunciation, and accents.

  • Śilpaशिल्प

    saySHIL-puh

    Arts, crafts, iconography, and mechanical skill guidelines within tradition.

  • Śivaशिव

    saySHI-vuh

    The Auspicious One; cosmic transformer, destroyer, and yogi.

  • Ślokaश्लोक

    saySHLOH-kuh

    A classic metered two-line verse stanza in Sanskrit texts.

  • Smārtaस्मार्त

    saySMAHR-tuh

    Relating to Smriti texts or a follower of the Smarta system.

  • Smārtismस्मार्त-ज़्म

    saySMRUHR-ti-zum

    Orthodox tradition worshipping five or six deities equally.

  • Smrtiस्मृति

    saySMRIT-ee

    That which is remembered; secondary, tradition-based scriptures.

  • Solarisसौर

    saySOW-ruh

    Relating to the solar systems or solar-powered deities.

  • Śrīश्री

    sayshri

    Goddess of Wealth Laxmi, a respectful salutation to a man

  • Śrī Vaiṣṇavaश्रीवैष्णव

    sayshree VAISH-nuh-vuh

    The prominent orthodox lineage worshipping Vishnu alongside Goddess Lakshmi.

  • Śrīmadश्रीमद्

    saySHREE-mud

    An honorific prefix denoting divine, radiant, or highly revered scripture.

  • Sṛṣṭiसृष्टि

    saySRISH-tee

    Creation, manifestation, or cosmic emission.

  • Śrutiश्रुति

    saySHROO-tee

    That which is heard; primordial revealed Vedic literature.

  • Sthapatyaस्थापत्य

    saysthah-PUT-yuh

    The auxiliary Vedic mechanical discipline of architecture.

  • Sthitiस्थिति

    saySTHIT-ee

    Maintenance, preservation, or sustenance of the universe.

  • stotraस्तोत्र

    saySTOH-truh

    A hymn of praise, prayer, or ode addressed to a specific deity.

  • Sudarśanaसुदर्शन

    saysoo-dur-SHU-nuh

    The spinning cosmic discus weapon utilized by Lord Vishnu.

  • Sudarśanacakraसुदर्शनचक्र

    saysoo-dur-shuh-nuh-CHUK-ruh

    The fully completed title for the celestial wheel of Vishnu.

  • Sūktaसूक्त

    saySOOK-tuh

    "Well spoken"; a Vedic hymn or praise song.

  • Sūktamसूक्तम्

    saySOOK-tum

    Accented individual Vedic praise song or text block.

  • Śulbaशुल्ब

    saySHOOL-buh

    The auxiliary geometry sutras detailing sacrificial fire altars.

  • Sūryaसूर्य

    saySOOR-yuh

    The Sun god; the visible solar source of light and life.

  • Sūrya Siddhāntaसूर्यसिद्धान्त

    saySOOR-yuh sidh-DHAHN-tuh

    A foundational ancient treatise on Indian astronomy.

  • Sūtraसूत्र

    saySOO-truh

    An aphorism, thread, or condensed rulebook of philosophical truths.

  • Sūtrātmanसूत्रात्मन

    saysoo-TRAHT-mun

    The thread-soul that links all individual minds and objects in the cosmos together.

  • Svayambhūस्वयम्भू

    saysvuh-yum-BHOO

    The self-existent, uncreated eternal being, often applied to Brahma or Shiva.

  • Śvetāśvataraश्वेताश्वतर

    sayshway-tahsh-wuh-TUH-ruh

    A foundational Upanishad notable for highlighting Shiva and Bhakti.

T

  • Taittirīyaतैत्तिरीय

    saytye-tee-REE-yuh

    A school and Upanishad belonging to the Black Yajurveda.

  • Tāṇḍavaताण्डव

    sayTAHN-duh-vuh

    The vigorous, wild cosmic dance of destruction performed by Lord Shiva.

  • Tantraतंत्र

    saytun-tra

    philosophy / instrument of expanding consciousness

  • Tantrālokaतंत्र लोक

    saytun-tra-loke

    Land of Tantra

  • Tattvārthaतत्त्वार्थ

    saytut-vwaht-thuh

    The essential, foundational meaning of cosmic elements.

  • Tīrthaतीर्थ

    sayTEER-thuh

    A holy river crossing, pilgrimage ford, or stepping stone.

  • Tīrthaṅkarasतीर्थङ्कर

    sayteer-thung-KUH-ruhz

    The twenty-four supreme enlightened saviors within Jainism.

  • Tretāत्रेता

    saytray-TAH

    The second of the four cyclic world ages.

  • Trikaत्रिक

    sayTREE-kuh

    The triad system of non-dualistic Kashmir Shaivism focusing on Shiva, Shakti, and Nara.

  • Trimūrtiत्रिमूर्ति

    saytree-MOOR-tee

    The triad of supreme functions: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.

  • Tripiṭakaत्रिपिटक

    saytree-PI-tuh-kuh

    The canonical three baskets collection of Buddhist scripture.

  • Trivikramaत्रिविक्रम

    saytree-VIK-ruh-muh

    The gigantic form of Lord Vishnu's Vamana avatar who measured the universe in three steps.

  • Tukārāmतुकाराम

    saytoo-kah-RAHM

    The prominent 17th-century Marathi poet-saint of devotion.

  • Turiyaतुरीय

    saytoo-REE-yuh

    The fourth transcendent background state of consciousness.

U

  • Udaharaṇaउदाहरण

    sayoo-dah-huh-RUH-nuh

    An illustrative example, case, or paradigm used in logic.

  • Upanisadउपनिषद्

    sayoo-puh-nee-shud

    The secret mystical texts closing out the Vedic operational system.

  • Upaniṣadउपनिषद्

    sayoo-puh-NEE-shud

    Mystical and philosophical treatises marking the end of Vedas.

  • Upaniṣadsउपनिषद्

    sayoo-puh-nee-shudz

    The final philosophical and mystical sections of the Vedas dealing with the nature of ultimate reality.

  • Upapurāṇaउपपुराण

    sayoo-puh-poo-RAH-nuh

    The secondary or minor suite of eighteen mythological texts.

  • Uṣasउषस्

    sayOO-shus

    The radiant Vedic goddess representing the dawn, lighting up the sky.

V

  • Vācaspatiवाचस्पति

    sayvah-CHUS-puh-tee

    The Lord of Speech; title for Brihaspati or master scholars.

  • Vaikuṇṭhaवैकुण्ठ

    sayvye-KOON-thuh

    The supreme, heavenly spiritual abode of Lord Vishnu.

  • Vaishnavaवैष्णव

    sayVAISH-nuh-vuh

    Pertaining to or a devoted follower of Lord Vishnu.

  • Vaiṣṇavaवैष्णव

    sayVAISH-nuh-vuh

    Relating to Vishnu; a devotee of Lord Vishnu.

  • Vaiṣṇavismवैष्णवमत

    sayVAISH-nuh-vi-zum

    Major Hindu tradition focused on the worship of Lord Vishnu.

  • Vāk Sūktaवाक्सूक्त

    sayvahk SOOK-tuh

    A Rigvedic hymn where Speech personified proclaims divinity.

  • Vālmīkiवाल्मीकि

    sayvahl-MEE-kee

    The primordial poet sage who authored the core Ramayana.

  • Vāmaवाम

    sayVAH-muh

    The left-hand path or progressive aspect of tantric worship.

  • Vāmanaवामन

    sayVAH-muh-nuh

    The dwarf-brahmin incarnation of Lord Vishnu who outwitted King Bali.

  • Varāhaवराह

    sayvuh-RAH-huh

    The wild boar avatar of Lord Vishnu who lifted the drowning Earth out of cosmic waters.

  • Varuṇaवरुण

    sayvuh-ROO-nuh

    The ancient Vedic deity of cosmic waters and moral sky laws.

  • Vaśiṣṭhaवसिष्ठ

    sayvuh-SISH-thuh

    The celebrated master rishi and lineage sage of Raghu kings.

  • Vāstusāstraवास्तुशास्त्र

    sayvahs-too-SHAHS-truh

    The classical systematic text science of space architecture.

  • Vāstuvidyāवास्तुविद्या

    sayVAHS-too-vid-yah

    The ancient science and sacred technology of architecture and environmental layout.

  • Vātsyāyanaवात्स्यायन

    sayvaht-SYAH-yuh-nuh

    The ancient sage best known for writing the authoritative Kama Sutra.

  • Vedāngaवेदाङ्ग

    sayvay-DAHNG-guh

    The six auxiliary disciplines or limbs essential for understanding and practicing Vedic rituals.

  • Vedantaवेदान्त

    sayvay-DAHN-tuh

    The philosophical system analyzing the end segments of the Vedas (the Upanishads).

  • Vedāntaवेदान्त

    sayvay-DAHN-tuh

    The end of the Vedas; the culmination of philosophy focused on Brahman.

  • Vidyāविद्या

    sayvid-ya-ha

    Learning or education

  • Vidyāśaraṇaविद्याशरण

    sayvid-yah-shuh-ruh-nuh

    Taking refuge in knowledge, wisdom, or learning.

  • Vimānaविमान

    sayvee-MAH-nuh

    A flying chariot or the towering tiered sanctuary structure atop a temple shrine.

  • Vimarśaविमर्श

    sayvee-MUR-shuh

    The reflective consciousness or active kinetic self-awareness of the supreme.

  • Virāṭविराट्

    sayvee-RAHT

    The cosmic, universal body or macrocosmic physical manifestation of the Divine.

  • Virūpākṣaविरूपाक्ष

    sayvee-roo-PAHK-shuh

    An epithet of Lord Shiva, meaning 'He with oblique or misaligned eyes'.

  • viṣविष्

    sayvish

    To pervade

  • Viṣṇuविष्णु

    sayVISH-noo

    The All-Pervading deity; the cosmic maintainer and preserver.

  • Visvarūpaविश्वरूप

    sayvishwuh-ROO-puh

    The almighty, all-encompassing multi-form of God.

  • Vithalaविठ्ठल

    sayvit-tuh-LUH

    A popular form of Lord Vishnu worshipped predominantly in Maharashtra and Karnataka.

  • Vivartaविवर्त

    sayvee-VUR-tuh

    The doctrine of apparent or illusory modification in reality.

  • Vivekānandaविवेकानन्द

    sayvee-vuh-KAH-nun-duh

    The brilliant monk who introduced Yoga and Vedanta to the West.

  • Vṛtraवृत्र

    sayVRU-truh

    The dragon or drought demon defeated by Indra in the Vedas.

  • vyaktaव्यक्त

    sayVYUK-tuh

    The fully manifested, perceptible, or differentiated material universe.

  • Vyāsaव्यास

    sayVYAH-suh

    The legendary sage who classified the single Veda into four.

Y

  • Yajñaयज्ञ

    sayyuh-g-yuh

    The ancient fire ritual from the Vedas where offering is made to the sacred fire

  • Yajñavalkyaयाज्ञवल्क्य

    sayyahg-nyuh-VUL-kyuh

    The ultimate master sage of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.

  • Yajurvedaयजुर्वेद

    sayyuh-joor-VAY-duh

    The Veda of ritual formulas and sacrificial mantras.

  • Yajurvedicयजुर्वेदिक

    sayyuh-joor-VAY-dik

    Related to / from the Yajurveda

  • Yāskaयास्क

    sayYAHS-kuh

    The ancient grammarian and sage who authored the Nirukta text.

  • Yātraयात्रा

    sayYAH-trah

    A holy pilgrimage, procession, or sacred foot journey.

  • Yogaयोग

    sayYOH-guh

    The practice of physical, mental, and spiritual union.

  • Yojanaयोजन

    sayYOH-juh-nuh

    An ancient Indian measure of long distance equivalent to about 8-9 miles.

  • Yugaयुग

    sayYOO-guh

    An epoch or cosmic age within a cyclic four-stage world cycle.

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